Question

Let f be defined by the function f(x) = 1/(x^2+9)
(a) Evaluate the improper integral $\int\limits^{∞}_3 {f(x)} \, dx$ or show that the integral diverges
(b) Determine whether the series ∑n=3∞ f(n) converges or diverges State the conditions of the test used for determining convergence or divergence
(c) Determine whether the series ∑n=1∞(−1)n(en⋅f(n))=∑n=1∞(−1)n(n2+9)en converges absolutely, converges conditionally, or diverges (image put below)

Answer 1

(a)

$\displaystyle\int_3^\infty \frac{\mathrm dx}{x^2+9}=\lim_{b\to\infty}\int_{x=3}^{x=b}\frac{\mathrm dx}{x^2+9}$

Substitute x = 3 tan(t ) and dx = 3 sec²(t ) dt :

$\displaystyle\lim_{b\to\infty}\int_{t=\arctan(1)}^{t=\arctan\left(\frac b3\right)}\frac{3\sec^2(t)}{(3\tan(t))^2+9}\,\mathrm dt=\frac13\lim_{b\to\infty}\int_{t=\arctan(1)}^{t=\arctan\left(\frac b3\right)}\mathrm dt$

$=\displaystyle \frac13 \lim_{b\to\infty}\left(\arctan\left(\frac b3\right)-\arctan(1)\right)=\boxed{\dfrac\pi{12}}$

(b) The series

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=3}^\infty \frac1{n^2+9}$

converges by comparison to the convergent p-series,

$\displaystyle\sum_{n=3}^\infty\frac1{n^2}$

(c) The series

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n (n^2+9)}{e^n}$

converges absolutely, since

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \left|\frac{(-1)^n (n^2+9)}{e^n}\right|=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n^2+9}{e^n} < \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n^2}{e^n} < \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac1{e^n}=\frac1{e-1}$

That is, ∑ (-1)ⁿ (n ² + 9)/eⁿ converges absolutely because ∑ |(-1)ⁿ (n ² + 9)/eⁿ| = ∑ (n ² + 9)/eⁿ in turn converges by comparison to a geometric series.