The most accurate of those choices would be that they controlled the education and health care of many Africans.
There was good in that, to be sure, in reducing infant mortality and improving health care generally. But there was also a paternalism in the whole approach of missionaries along with imperialists. They treated Africans as lesser peoples who needed to be advanced into a more proper, civilized pattern of living according to European standards. The education they provided aimed in that direction.
