Question

What happens to the free energy released as electrons are passed from photosystem ii to photosystem i through a series of electron carriers? it is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient. it is used to phosphorylate nad+ to nadph. it excites electrons of the reaction center in photosystem i. it is used to synthesize atp through substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 1

The correct answer is: It is used to synthesize ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.  
The free energy released as electrons are passed from photosystem II to photosystem I drive pumping of H+ and building a gradient. H+ flow down their gradient and when they pass through ATP synthase, the ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation (ADP+Pi).

Answer 2

The electrons are passed from photosystem ii to photosystem I and release free energy which it is used to synthesize ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

What do you mean by Free energy?

Free energy may be defined as energy-like property or state function of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Free energy has the dimensions of energy, and its value is determined by the state of the system.

The H+ ions are passed from ATP synthase leads to the synthesis of ATP. The electrons are responsible for the movement of H+ ions out of the system.

Therefore, the electrons are passed from photosystem ii to photosystem I and release free energy which it is used to synthesize ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

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