Other than distance from the sun, factors that affect the temperature of a planet include the planet's surface reflectivity (albedo), and the planet's atmosphere (through a process called the greenhouse effect).
Albedo is a non-dimensional, unitless quantity that indicates how well a surface reflects solar energy. Albedo varies between 0 and 1. Albedo commonly refers to the "whiteness" of a surface, with 0 meaning black and 1 meaning white.
The lower the albedo, the more radiation from the Sun that gets absorbed by the planet, and temperatures will rise. If the albedo is higher, and the Earth is more reflective, more of the radiation is returned to space, and the planet cools.
The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth's surface by greenhouse gases.
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