Question

This was the first decision of the supreme court of the united states to declare an act of congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review. this was a u.s. supreme court decision that established the legality of racial segregation so long as facilities were "separate but equal." this supreme court case, decided in 1954, declared that the segregation doctrine of "separate but equal," was not constitutional when applied to the public school system. this is the court case that upheld that the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law officials to advise a suspect of his rights to remain silent and to obtain a lawyer. this was the supreme court case that declared that most state and federal laws restricting abortion were unconstitutional and violated women's rights according to the 14th amendment. this 1963 supreme court case ruled that states are required by the 6th amendment to provide legal counsel for defendants if they can not afford their own lawyer. this supreme court case upheld the federal government's use of "implied powers," those that are necessary to keep the government running and are not expressly listed in the constitution. in this 1824 case, the supreme court upheld the power of the federal government to regulate commerce between states.

Answer 1

The court case that establishes judicial review was Marbury vs. Madison. In this case, Marbury was supposed to be appointed as a federal judge. However, he was appointed when John Adams presidency was almost done. Once Adams was out of office, Madison refused to grant Marbury the position. This went to the Supreme Court, in which the court ruled that what Madison did was illegal. However, Congress also ruled the fact that Marbury brought this right to the Supreme Court rather than going through local/state courts was unconstitutional based on the Judiciary Act of 1789. Ultimately, Marbury does not become a judge.

The court case that establishes that "separate but equal" is Plessy vs. Ferguson. Homer Plessy was an individual who a train company tried to move to a "colored" section on a train even though he paid for a first class ticket. His refusal to move resulted in arrest and several court cases. In the end, the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" was indeed legal. This idea of "separate but equal" does not become illegal until the 1954 case of Brown vs. Board of Education.