The type of control structure that tests a condition and allows you to provide instructions for when it is true and when it is false is called an "if-else" statement.
Here is how an "if-else" statement works:
1. The program evaluates a condition (a statement that is either true or false).
2. If the condition is true, the code block inside the "if" statement is executed.
3. If the condition is false, the code block inside the "else" statement is executed.
Here's an example in pseudocode:
```
if condition is true then
do this
else
do that
end if
```
In this example, depending on whether the condition is true or false, different instructions will be executed. This control structure allows for branching in the program flow based on the evaluation of a condition.
