Which of the following options correctly pairs the type of conditioning its constituent elements involved in contingency formation?
a) Classical Conditioning - Unconditioned Stimulus and Response
b) Operant Conditioning - Reinforcement and Punishment
c) Observational Conditioning - Neutral Stimulus and Response
d) Associative Conditioning - Stimulus and Unconditioned Response

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Answer:

a) Classical Conditioning - Unconditioned Stimulus and Response

Explanation:

The correct pairing of the type of conditioning with its constituent elements involved in contingency formation is:

a) Classical Conditioning - Unconditioned Stimulus and Response

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning, while the unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural response to the unconditioned stimulus. Through the process of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a conditioned response (CR) similar to the unconditioned response. So, option a correctly pairs classical conditioning with the unconditioned stimulus and response.

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