Answer:
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance \( C_{\text{parallel}} \) is the sum of the individual capacitances \( C_1, C_2, \ldots, C_N \) of each capacitor:
\[ C_{\text{parallel}} = C_1 + C_2 + \ldots + C_N \]
When capacitors are connected in series, the reciprocal of the total capacitance \( C_{\text{series}} \) is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances:
\[ \frac{1}{C_{\text{series}}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{C_N} \]
These relations are fundamental for calculating the equivalent capacitance in both parallel and series combinations of capacitors.
