In the Nicomachean Ethics, how does Aristotle describe the virtue of courage, liberality, and friendliness? What vice of deficiency and excess correspond to each virtue?
a) Courage: Deficiency - Cowardice, Excess - Recklessness; Liberality: Deficiency - Stinginess, Excess - Prodigality; Friendliness: Deficiency - Hostility, Excess - Flattery
b) Courage: Deficiency - Foolhardiness, Excess - Timidity; Liberality: Deficiency - Extravagance, Excess - Greed; Friendliness: Deficiency - Apathy, Excess - Fawning
c) Courage: Deficiency - Bravery, Excess - Fearfulness; Liberality: Deficiency - Generosity, Excess - Greed; Friendliness: Deficiency - Aloofness, Excess - Intrusiveness
d) Courage: Deficiency - Pessimism, Excess - Optimism; Liberality: Deficiency - Thriftiness, Excess - Wastefulness; Friendliness: Deficiency - Shyness, Excess - Boastfulness

a) Courage: Deficiency - Cowardice, Excess - Recklessness; Liberality: Deficiency - Stinginess, Excess - Prodigality; Friendliness: Deficiency - Hostility, Excess - Flattery

Explanation:

In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle describes the virtue of courage as the mean between the vices of deficiency and excess. The deficiency of courage is cowardice, which is the lack of courage or the avoidance of facing fearful situations. The excess of courage is recklessness, which involves an excessive disregard for danger or risks.

For liberality, the virtue lies between the vices of stinginess and prodigality. The deficiency of liberality is stinginess, which is an unwillingness to give or share one's resources. The excess of liberality is prodigality, which is excessive or wasteful spending.

Regarding friendliness, Aristotle describes virtue as a mean between the vices of deficiency and excess. The deficiency of friendliness is hostility, which involves a lack of warmth or kindness towards others. The excess of friendliness is flattery, which is insincere praise or excessive attempts to please others.

By recognizing and understanding these vices and virtues, individuals can strive to cultivate the virtues of courage, liberality, and friendliness by finding the right balance between deficiency and excess in their actions and attitudes.