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**Impression Formation Theory:**
Impression Formation Theory is concerned with how people form impressions of others based on limited information. The key tenets include:
1. **Primacy Effect:** This suggests that initial information about a person has a disproportionate influence on the overall impression. First impressions are often given more weight than later information.
2. **Recency Effect:** Conversely, the Recency Effect proposes that the most recent information about a person can have a strong impact on the overall impression, especially if it is more vivid or memorable.
3. **Central Traits:** Central traits are characteristics that exert a powerful influence over overall impressions. These traits can shape how people perceive and interpret additional information about an individual.
4. **Implicit Personality Theory:**
Implicit Personality Theory explores how people organize and categorize traits and behaviors, assuming that certain traits cluster together. Key ideas include:
1. **Trait Similarity:** People tend to assume that individuals possessing one trait are likely to have other traits that are stereotypically associated with it. For example, if someone is perceived as friendly, they might also be assumed to be kind.
2. **Trait Contrast:** This is the opposite of trait similarity. If someone possesses a certain trait, people might assume they lack another trait that is believed to be in contrast to the first. For instance, if someone is perceived as intelligent, they might be assumed to lack social skills.
3. **Schemas:** Implicit Personality Theories involve the use of schemas, mental frameworks or structures, that help individuals organize information about personality traits. These schemas influence how people perceive and interpret the behavior of others.
Both theories highlight the cognitive processes involved in forming impressions and making sense of the social world. While Impression Formation Theory focuses on the temporal aspects of impression formation, Implicit Personality Theory emphasizes the ways in which traits are organized and interconnected in people's minds.
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