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Read the following and identify the theory used in the research project:
American Babies Are Less Likely to Survive Their First Year than Babies in Other Rich Countries
David Johnson, Time Magazine
Babies born in America are less likely to reach their first birthday than babies born in other wealthy member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a new study found. While infant mortality rates have declined across the OECD since 1960, including in America, the US has failed to keep pace with its high-income peers, according to a report published in the journal Health Affairs.
Compared to 19 similar OECD countries, US babies were three times more likely to die from premature delivery and 2.3 times more likely to experience sudden infant death syndrome between 2001 and 2010, the most recent years for which comparable data is available across all the countries. If the U.S. had kept pace with the OECD's overall decline in infant mortality since 1960, that would have resulted in about 300,000 fewer infant deaths in America over the course of 50 years, the report found.
The reasons the US has fallen behind include higher poverty rates relative to other developed countries and a relatively weak social safety net, says lead author Ashish Thakrar, medical resident at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System.
"The poorer children are, the worse their health outcomes are," says Thakrar, whose team found that poverty among US children has been higher than in the 19 comparable OECD countries since the mid-1980s. Premature delivery and low birthweight have been consistently associated with poverty, which affects over 20% of US children, the second highest percent among 35 developed nations, according to a 2013 United Nations Children's Fund report.
Thakrar's team used country membership in the OECD and narrowed the group to 19 nations of similar economic development to the US, for which 50 years of high-quality data was available. The research supports a 2013 National Academy of Medicine report, which found in general that Americans' health has fallen behind that of other high-income countries. "The big conclusion is that the gap stems from a fragmented health system," Thakrar says.
Child mortality, defined as deaths of children age 1 to 19, has likewise seen slower declines in the US than in other developed nations. The numbers in the US are partly driven by gun deaths. From 2001 to 2010, 15-to-19-year-olds were 82 times more likely to die from gun violence in the US than in other wealthy countries.
Thakrar also attributes the higher US child and infant mortality rates to a lack of preventative care. While the US spends the most on health care per capita compared to OECD nations, most of them have stronger public benefits programs, Thakrar says. "We spend more on health care that's taking care of children that are already sick," he says. "But we spend far less money on welfare programs to keep children from becoming sick, and on keeping them safe from injuries."
Membership in the OECD was used as a proxy to create a list of similar nations to the US, and the group was narrowed to OECD members with 50 years of high-quality data. Data from the US Human Mortality Database was them compared to those OECD nations. The OECD nations included in the analysis were: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Group of answer choices
Functional
Conflict
Interaction
Feminist Interaction
