Answer:
(d) Gerrymandering
Explanation:
You want to know the border manipulation process that involves "cracking" and "packing."
Gerrymandering is the term given to the drawing of voting district boundaries so as to favor one political party or group over another. This can be accomplished any of several ways.
This term is applied to the process of diluting a voting block across several districts. For example, if a city area favors one party, but rural areas favor another, the boundaries might be drawn so that the city is divided among several districts that include significant rural areas.
This term is applied to the process of concentrating a voting block into a small number of districts. This can reduce the power of the voting block in other districts.
Cracking and Packing refer to the border manipulating process of Gerrymandering, choice D.
__
Additional comment
Early attempts at Gerrymandering were characterized by districts with bizarre shapes. More modern instances must satisfy court requirements for compact district shapes, but it can be exceptionally difficult to write rules for the boundary-drawing process so that Gerrymandering is minimized.
