Suppose the quadratic equation is x²+2x+1 and the binomial is x+1.
Part 1. In executing the long division method, you merely use the form like what were taught to in elementary:
Quotient
-------------------------
divisor| DIvidend
But in this case, we deal with polynomials instead of only numbers. The complete solution is
x + 1
-----------------------------
x+1 | x²+2x+1
-x²+x
------------------
0 + x+1
- x+1
-----------------
0
So, the answer is x+1.
Part 2. The quadratic equation is f(a) = x²+2x+1, where a is the constant in the binomial x-1. Thus, a=1. Substituting a to the x values, f(1) = (1)²+2(1)+1=0. The zero means that there is no remainder. Thus, (x+1) is a factor.
Part 3. The remainder theorem works similar to Part 2. If you substitute f(a) and the answer is a non-zero number, then that is the remainder when you divide the quadratic equation with the binomial. Only when the answer is zero that you can confirm that the linear binomial is a factor.