For Ptolemy, the date of his theory of the universe was within his lifetime from about 85-165 AD and is the geocentric theory of the earth as set forth in his work the Almages. It shows all the other planets and the sun revolving around he earth.
For Copernicus, he published his theory in 1543 and it was called heliocentrism with the sun at the center of our universe and all the planets, including earth revolving around the sun. This was a major break from he geocentric theory of Ptolemy
Galileo developed many of his theories and made his observations especially from 1589-1610 as he developed the first telescope capable of observing the heavens and his observations of Venus and Jupiter helped to prove the theory of heliocentrism of Copernicus
Kepler published some of his theories in 1604 and showed that the planets in the solar system had elliptical orbits not circular and he realized there was a force that acted between the planets and the sun which helped Newton come up with his theory of gravity
Newton in 1686 published his book, Principia in which he set forth his theory of gravity which acts on the whole universe and explains the attraction between celestial bodies
