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The proteins bind to regions of DNA called regulatory elements which are located near promoters. The promoter is the region of the gene where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of the DNA to mRNA
Proteins can undergo a variety of modifications, such as been chopped up or tagged with chemical groups. These modifications can be regulated and may affect the activity or behavior of the protein. In each cell type, the type and amount of protein is regulated by controlling gene expression. Gene expression is primarily controlled at the level of transcription largely as a result of binding of proteins to specific sites on DNA. Activator proteins bind to regulatory sites on DNA nearby to promoter regions that act as on/off switches. This binding facilitates RNA polymerase activity and transcription of nearby genes. For proteins to successfully bind to one another, one of them acts as a ligand, a molecule that attaches to a target protein and one of them acts as a receptor, the molecule that receives the ligand. Gene regulation is the process of controlling which genes in a cell's DNA are expressed (used to make a functional product such as a protein). Different cells in the multicellular organism may express very different set of genes even though they contain the same DNA. The set of genes expressed in a cell determines the set of proteins and functional RNA's it contains, giving it its unique properties.
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