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Reconstruction was being resisted by the South while the North's determination was weakening. The Compromise of 1877 took place in Washington, where the South was absolved of its transgressions and the North benefited from them.
By 1877, all of the former Confederate states had written new constitutions, ratified the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and swore allegiance to the U.S. government. Reconstruction was successful in that it brought the United States back to unity. The states' rights vs. federalism controversy, which had been a point of contention since the 1790s, was also eventually resolved during reconstruction. Reconstruction, however, fell short in most other ways: radical Republican legislation eventually failed to shield freed slaves from discrimination by white people and failed to bring about significant changes to the South's social structure. Almost immediately after President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew federal soldiers from the South in 1877, former Confederate politicians and slaveholders regained control. These newly powerful white southern politicians passed anti-progressive laws like voter ID requirements and black codes with the help of a conservative Supreme Court to roll back the rights that blacks had won during Radical Reconstruction. With its rulings in the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Civil Rights Cases, and United States v. Cruikshank, which virtually abolished the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the U.S. Supreme Court supported this anti-progressive movement.
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