A separation between the production of mitochondrial membrane potential and its application to mitochondria-dependent ATP synthesis is known as mitochondrial uncoupling.
Although UCP-1 has been identified as an endogenous physiological uncoupling protein, this process—which was formerly thought to be a mitochondrial dysfunction—may be engaged in a variety of other biological processes. In this review, we first contrast the various mitochondrial uncoupling drugs in terms of their mechanistic and general effects.
The discussion includes both chemical substances with uncoupling characteristics and proteins that regulate mitochondrial uncoupling. Then, we review the most recent research connecting mitochondrial uncoupling to other cellular or biological processes, including bulk and targeted autophagy, the production of reactive oxygen species, protein secretion, cell death, exercise, metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, and cell signalling. Proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane increases the respiration rate and decreases the electrochemical proton gradient (Δp), and is an important mechanism for energy dissipation that accounts for up to 25% of the basal metabolic rate.
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