Recently, a number of review papers on the use of biogenic calcium carbonate in engineering, biomedical, electrochemical, and environmental technologies have been published.
In the past two decades, biogenic calcium carbonate made from shell waste has drawn a lot of interest as a limestone substitute due to its role in decreasing environmental impact by converting wastes into value-added biomaterial and assisting in the transition of society to a net-zero waste system. This review differs from others on the subject in that it only examines published articles that used indirect methods rather than direct ones to extract calcium carbonate from biogenic waste shells. Simple grinding, ball milling, or mortar and pestle procedures are examples of direct or unprocessed methods.
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