We expect that a human population should be roughly stable in size when the total fertility rate (number of children per woman) is around 2, and the net reproductive rate (R0) is around 1.
The total fertility rate is basically defined as the total number of children that would be born to each woman. It is calculated by totaling the age-specific fertility rate over five-year intervals.
If we assume no net migration and the mortality factor isn't changed, total fertility of 2.1 children per woman ensures a stable population, since it ensures replacement of the woman and her partner (one for dad, one for mom) with another 0.1 children per woman to counteract infant mortality.
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