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If a glacier has a smooth bedrock-glacier interface and/or that interface contains water from melting ice, that glacier is likely to move more rapidly than one that has an irregular interface and is frozen at its base is true.
Isotope geochemistry is a key technique for studying long-term climate change. The most common type of oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, giving it an atomic weight of 16 (¹⁶O), which is referred to as "light" oxygen. Because only a tiny percentage of oxygen atoms contain two additional neutrons, giving them an atomic weight of 18 (¹⁸O), or "heavy" oxygen, the rest of oxygen is referred to as "light" oxygen. Only roughly 1 in 500 oxygen atoms contain the uncommon form ¹⁸O.
Although the amount of heavy oxygen in ice varies with temperature, it has less ¹⁸O than saltwater. We need to consider the process of glacier formation in order to comprehend why this may be the case. The water-ice in glaciers began as mist in the seas, fell as snow, and then solidified into ice. When water vaporizes, the light water ([tex]H_{2}[/tex]O) enriches the water vapor while the heavy water ([tex]H_{2}[/tex]¹⁸O) is left behind ([tex]H_{2}[/tex]¹⁶O). This is only a result of the heavier molecules finding it more difficult to get past the evaporation barriers. So, although the oceans are considerably richer in ¹⁸O, glaciers are relatively enhanced in ¹⁶O. In contrast to warmer regions, this imbalance is more pronounced in colder climates.
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