This can be determined by using Newton's law of gravitation. As the gravitational force between Mars and sun can be matched snd hence the sun's effect on Mars can be determined.
How to determine the gravitational force between sun and Mars?
We know, gravitational force is
F=GMmr²
The variables M and m here represent the masses of the Sun and Mars. From this relationship, we can tell that each mass is directly proportional to the force;
F ∝ MF ∝ m
Therefore, any factor that gets multiplied to either mass directly affects the force in the same way. If the sun were twice as massive, then its pull on Mars should thus also twice as much.
This, we are assuming when factors like the mass of Mars and the distance between the Sun and Mars is unchanged.
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