They are the executors of the re-epithelialization process, whereby keratinocytes migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to restore the epidermal barrier.
A pro-inflammatory signaling cascade that results in the activation of local immune cells is started by damaged keratinocytes. The tissue also facilitates immune-suppressive actions to control localized inflammation.
In both vivo and in vitro settings, calcium is the primary regulator of keratinocyte development. As keratinocytes move through the epidermis's many layers to construct the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum, a calcium gradient within the epidermis encourages keratinocytes' successive development.
In the epidermis' basal layer, keratinocytes multiply and begin to gradually differentiate as they move toward the surface. They undergo a significant morphological change during this process and begin to make keratin, cytokines, growth factors, interleukins, and complement factors.
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