a bias towards the null means that the observed measure of association will underestimate the true risks or benefits associated with exposure.

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The statement is true. A bias towards the null means that the observed measure of association will underestimate the true risks or benefits associated with exposure.

The term 'exposure' in epidemiology refers to any element that may be linked to a desired action. Researchers frequently rely on readily accessible data pieces when using observational data sources to determine whether subjects have been exposed to a factor of interest. In epidemiological investigations, questionnaires are used to gather exposure data by uniformly posing the same questions to all study participants. Self-administered questionnaires and interviewer-administered questionnaires are also options. How to determine and then describe exposure or association to a factor, given knowledge of the strengths and limitations of the data elements accessible in existing observational data, is one of the main concerns in study design.

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