Economic exploitation, oppressive colonial policies, social and religious reform movements, the rediscovery of India's past, the influence of western education, the press, and the development of quick means of transportation and communication were the factors that contributed to the growth of nationalism in India.
The Taiping seized Nanjing, massacred every Manchu inside, and proclaimed the city to be their own "heavenly" capital. The majority of Taiping originated from the lower and more outcast strata of society.
Although primarily a republican revolution, the French Revolution helped pave the way for the modern nation-state and was crucial in the rise of nationalism throughout Europe, where radical intellectuals were influenced by Napoleon and the Napoleonic Code, a tool for political change.
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