During meiosis, the exchange of sections of DNA between non-sister chromatids, leading to genetic diversity, is called crossing-over.
During the pachytene stage of prophase 1 of meiosis, chiasma is formed between the non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Through this intersection, the exchange of genetic material i.e., DNA takes between the bivalent chromatids.
Only two out of the four chromatids participate in this process. This gives rise to two recombinant chromosomes, which have unique gene sequences, and two parental chromosomes, which have the same genetic sequences as the parent. Hence, genetic diversity can be seen in the progeny because of the formation of new gene combinations.
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