The rhetorical device Sotomayor used for the need for more equality in the judicial system would be Irony.
When a writer uses words in a way that gives them a meaning that is completely different from what they normally have, we say that she is using irony. We have that in the passage's "dubious distinction."The irony is the rhetorical device used by Sonia Sotomayor in the passage to demonstrate the need for greater equality in the judicial system.
It's common knowledge that the phrase "dubious distinction" is used ironically to describe something negative as if it were positive. In spite of calling it a distinction and equating it to an accomplishment, Sotomayor uses that phrase to highlight the lack of equality in Judge Paez's case.
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