With the exception of lobbying, the government makes up for externalities in all of these ways.
An externality is a cost or benefits a producer generates but does not personally bear or receive. A good or service can have both positive and negative externalities as a result of its production or consumption. Both private (to an individual or an organization) and social (affecting society as a whole) costs and benefits are possible.
Natural environmental externalities, like those related to public health or natural resources, are the norm. A business that generates pollution that lowers the property values or health of locals is an example of a negative externality.
A positive externality is an action that lessens the spread of disease or avoids using lawn fertilizers that wash into rivers and encourage the overgrowth of plants in lakes. Externalities are distinct from parkland or open-source software donations.
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