thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. glenda's experience best illustratesthe placebo effect.negative correlation.hindsight bias.overconfidence.

Overconfidence is the phenomena when a person's belief in their knowledge and judgments is greater than the accuracy of those judgments. The objective accuracy of these replies is compared with the subjective assessment of confidence in the correctness of a group of answers to examine this effect. Many two-choice questions, such "Which of these cities has more inhabitants: (a) Islamabad or (b) Hyderabad?," Each question is answered by participants, who then rate their level of confidence in their response on a scale from 50% to 100%. The overconfidence effect manifests itself when the confidence ratings exceed the proportion of accurate answers.

Overestimation: This term simply means that the person believes they are more competent and skilled than they actually are. In other words, a person tends to think they are better than they actually are at performing specific things. Overestimating prevents a person from appropriately assessing his or her odds of succeeding or failing at a specific job. When the person making the judgment is inexperienced and the task appears simple but is actually complex, the likelihood of overestimation is significant. Overestimation encompasses a wide range of phenomena, including the planning fallacy, the illusion of control, and the disregard of contradictory data, in addition to the incorrect calculation of one's chances of succeeding in any given endeavor. Let's just go over them.

1. Illusion of Planning

It describes the propensity for an individual to overestimate his or her capacity to complete a task in less time than the work may actually require.

2. Illusion of Control

It describes a person's propensity to assume total control over a situation when, in fact, they don't. The false sense of control leads people to believe that everything will go as planned, but when they really carry out their plans, they discover that some factors are beyond their control, and as a result, they are unable to complete their jobs.

3. Opposing Evidence

Some individuals exaggerate the likelihood that specific events will occur based on their wants or beliefs.

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