As we walk across a period from left to right, the effective nuclear charge rises, while it falls as we move down the group. The element with the lowest effective nuclear charge will be found on the left side of the periodic table. The periodic table's group 1 includes H, Li, and Na.
The sum of all the protons' internal charges makes up the nuclear charge. Nuclear charge should be replaced with effective nuclear charge because this phrase takes behavior of all electrons into consideration, whether they are part of the valence shell or the inner shell.
Examples: Between a lithium 2s electron and the lithium nucleus, there can be two 1s electrons. According to measurements, a 2s lithium electron's effective nuclear charge is 0.43 times that of the lithium nucleus.
Negatively charged electrons are drawn to the nucleus because it contains positively charged protons, while at the same time, the electrons' layers of sub orbitals are attracted to one another. Due to this, the nucleus exhibits fluctuating nuclear charge, or the nucleus's attraction to the outside electron.
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