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726, Emperor Leo III ordered the removal of icons from all Christian churches. Officials who carried out this order were called iconoclasts.

Political disputes and theological divisions joined together to cause The Great Schism. The question of whether or not unleavened bread may be used for the sacrament of communion was one of the numerous theological differences between the western (Roman) and eastern (Byzantine) branches of the church.

Conflicts over competing claims of jurisdiction, particularly over papal power—Pope Leo IX claimed he possessed authority over the four Eastern patriarchs and over the Western patriarch's addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed in 1014—were the main causes of the Schism. The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, was a protracted era of crisis in Latin Christendom that lasted from 1378 to 1416. During this time, there were at least two rival claims to the See of Rome, and there was disagreement on who was the legitimate papal holder. The debate was not ideological in character, but rather political.

Numerous events contributed to the Great Schism of 1054. Doctrinal discrepancies between Eastern and Western churches, Eastern patriarchs' rejection of papal supremacy, and escalating sociopolitical tensions between East and West were three of the most significant concerns.

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