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This document provides an overview of available imperfections measurements for cold formed steel components. Three methods are presented for simulating incomplete fields.

The first is the conventional approach that uses imperfect eigenmode superposition but is scaled to match the peak of the measured physical measurements.

The second is based on the multidimensional spectral representation method, which regards the defect as a two-dimensional random field and performs simulations using a spectral-based approach.

The third, a novel combination of modal approach and spectral representation, considers the frequency content of the imperfect field directly, but uses a spectral representation technique driven by the cross-sectional eigenmode shapes to generate the imperfect field. increase.

The effects of these different approaches on the strength and collapse behavior of the simulated bars are investigated using material and geometrically nonlinear finite element collapse modeling. A third method of defect generation, called the 1D mode spectrum method, offers an interesting new tool for simulating thin-walled parts.

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