Blacks were subjected to rampant racism and could not find work as artisans or store clerks. Blacks built their own organizational life by establishing schools and churches.
There were free black communities all along North America's eastern seaboard. The largest was in Philadelphia, which had opened its arms to black men and women in the mid-eighteenth century due to the efforts of Quaker antislavery activists. Throughout the nineteenth century, states that had allowed free black citizens to cast votes restricted voting power to white men. Several new western states made it illegal for free black settlers to enter their territories. Religion was important in free black communities. Blacks were subjected to rampant racism and could not find work as artisans or store clerks. Blacks built their own organizational life by establishing schools and churches.
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