The electrochemical gradient determines the force driving the passive transport of charged solutes across the membrane.
Passive transport depends not only on the concentration gradient of the solutes but also on the charge separating the membranes. Passive transport is the movement of substances from higher to lower concentrations.
Passive transport is based on the second law of thermodynamics. It depends on the surface area and thickness of the plasma membrane. If the surface area is large the movement of substances will be faster and a thicker membrane will reduce it. The size of the particle and the temperature of the system also determine the rate of passive transport.
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