The Y chromosome likely contains 70 to 200 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and development.
A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code. Histones, which serve as packing proteins for the majority of eukaryotic chromosomes, work with chaperone proteins to attach to and condense the DNA molecule in order to preserve the integrity of the molecule. These chromosomes exhibit a complicated three-dimensional structure that is crucial for controlling transcription.
Under a light microscope, chromosomes are typically only discernible during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form).
Prior to this, each chromosome undergoes a process known as chromosome duplication (S phase), during which a centromere connects both copies, forming either the X-shaped structure (if the centromere is situated equatorially) or a two-arm structure (if it is situated distally) depending on where it is situated.
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