According to Hoffman et al., 2016 study, a white doctor is 15% more likely to underestimate the pain and consequently mistreat an African-American patient compared to a caucasian patient.
Even today, some doctors believe that African Americans are more tolerant of pain. One study found that doctors were twice as likely to underestimate pain in black patients compared to other racial groups.
Compared to whites, blacks and other minorities in the United States have less access to health care due to higher unemployment rates and lower rates of high-paying jobs that include health insurance as part of their benefits package.
The data show that minority racial and ethnic groups in the United States have higher rates of illness and mortality from various health conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, asthma, and heart disease, compared to whites.
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