The downward sloping part of the long-run average total cost curve is where the firm is achieving economies of scale.
In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that firms obtain due to their scale of operations, usually measured in terms of the amount of output produced per unit of time. You can scale by reducing the cost per unit of output.
Economies of scale refer to the phenomenon in which the average cost per unit of production decreases as the quantity or size of the product produced by a firm increases.
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