Water molecules have a polarity, which allows them to be electrically attracted to other water molecules and other polar molecules by weak chemical bonds known as hydrogen bonds.
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- A water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen linked by covalent bonds to the same atom of oxygen. Atoms of oxygen are electronegative and attract the shared electrons in their covalent bonds.
- Consequently the electrons in the water molecule spend slightly more time around the oxygen atomic center and less time around the hydrogen atomic centers.
- The covalent bonds are therefore polar, and the oxygen atoms have a slight negative charge, while the hydrogens are slightly positive.
- The slight positive charges on the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule attract the slight negative charges on the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. This tiny force of attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
- This bond is very weak. Hydrogen bonds are formed easily when two water molecules come close together, but are easily broken when the water molecules move apart again.
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