Question

If $\mathrm {y = (x + \sqrt{1+x^{2}})^{m}}$, then prove that $\mathrm {(x^{2} +1)y_{2} +x y_{1} - m^{2}y = 0}$.
Note : y₁ and y₂ refer to the first and second derivatives.

Answer 1

Answer:

See below for proof.

Step-by-step explanation:

Given:

$y=\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m$

First derivative

$\boxed{\begin{minipage}{5.4 cm}\underline{Chain Rule for Differentiation}\\\\If f(g(x)) then:\\\\ \dfrac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}=f'(g(x))\:g'(x) \\\end{minipage}}$

$\boxed{\begin{minipage}{5 cm}\underline{Differentiating x^n }\\\\If y=x^n , then \dfrac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}=xn^{n-1} \\\end{minipage}}$

$\begin{aligned} y_1=\dfrac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} & =m\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^{m-1} \cdot \left(1+\dfrac{2x}{2\sqrt{1+x^2}} \right)\\\\ & =m\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^{m-1} \cdot \left(1+\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \right) \\\\ & =m\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^{m-1} \cdot \left(\dfrac{x+\sqrt{1+x^2}}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \right)\\\\ & = \dfrac{m}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \cdot \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^{m-1} \cdot \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)\\\\ & = \dfrac{m}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\end{aligned}$

Second derivative

$\boxed{\begin{minipage}{5.5 cm}\underline{Product Rule for Differentiation}\\\\If y=uv then:\\\\ \dfrac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}=u\dfrac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}x}+v\dfrac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}x} \\\end{minipage}}$

$\textsf{Let }u=\dfrac{m}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}$

$\implies \dfrac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}x}=-\dfrac{mx}{\left(1+x^2\right)^\frac{3}{2}}$

$\textsf{Let }v=\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m$

$\implies \dfrac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}x}=\dfrac{m}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \cdot \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m$

$\begin{aligned}y_2=\dfrac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2}&=\dfrac{m}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\cdot\dfrac{m}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\cdot\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m+\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\cdot-\dfrac{mx}{\left(1+x^2\right)^\frac{3}{2}}\\\\&=\dfrac{m^2}{1+x^2}\cdot\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m+\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\cdot-\dfrac{mx}{\left(1+x^2\right)\sqrt{1+x^2}}\\\\ &=\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\left(\dfrac{m^2}{1+x^2}-\dfrac{mx}{\left(1+x^2\right)\sqrt{1+x^2}}\right)\\\\\end{aligned}$

              $= \dfrac{\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m}{1+x^2}\right)\left(m^2-\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\right)$

Proof

  $(x^2+1)y_2+xy_1-m^2y$

$= (x^2+1) \dfrac{\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m}{1+x^2}\left(m^2-\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\right)+\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m-m^2\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2\right)^m$

$= \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\left(m^2-\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\right)+\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m-m^2\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2\right)^m$

$= \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\left[m^2-\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}+\dfrac{mx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}-m^2\right]$

$= \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^m\left[0]$

$= 0$