A correct option is option (c) i.e. measurement bias.
What is bias and variance?
Bias is the model's use of simplifications to make the goal function more approachable. Variance is the degree to which different training sets will cause the estimate of the target function to vary. The tension that exists between the bias- and variance-induced errors is known as a trade-off.
What is measurement bias?
When data is inaccurately obtained and used as a research variable, measurement bias arises. Either a disease outcome or an exposure could be the variable that was improperly quantified. Misclassification caused by measurement bias can be classified as random or non-random.
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