They termed the gradual change in species if environmental gradient is change as vegetational gradient also called ecocline. Environmental gradient also known as climate gradient is a change in abiotic factors( non-living) through the interval of time.
There are some factors which is related to the environmental gradient such as altitude, depth, soil , temperature, precipitation. It is important for analysis to help the geographic distribution of species and ecosystems. Species diversity distribution is not even across the globe , so the richness of species is clustered in equatorial regions and decreases as one move away from polar region.
Gradient analysis is enables us to use the varied abiotic or non-living aspects of our environment and its surrounding that can be explained by geographic distribution of species and ecosystem.
To learn more about the geographic distribution here
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