In their study of conditioning, Garcia and Koelling paired water with radiation. They found that the rats later avoided water with a distinct taste.
In a seminal study, Garcia and Koelling (1966) found that after being exposed to a distinct taste/audiovisual compound stimulus, rats made nauseous (with LiCl or x-rays) developed much stronger aversions to the taste stimulus than to the audiovisual component.
Garcia argued that the radiation's nauseating effects were what caused the sweetened water to turn toxic. Later investigations, including the 1966 Garcia and Koelling taste aversion experiment, supported his findings. Humans are also capable of experiencing the taste aversion phenomena.
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