Prior to Darwin, ideas about how organisms came into being were mostly based on Religious beliefs.
Before Darwin, people used to strongly believe that the Bible clearly explained about the origin of all living forms. They were very much convinced by the idea that there was a natural order to things made by God.
However, later when fossils were thoroughly studied around Darwin's time, he used the fossil records to substantiate his theory of evolution. Moreover, Geology also became more predominant as a Science during the same time which influenced Darwin's thoughts about the Earth's surface and how it could change over a period of time.
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