Cholera toxin locks the G-subunit into an active state, in that GTP is bound and cannot be hydrolyzed back to GDP to turn off the subunit. This leads to a subsequent activation and increase in adenylate cyclase inside the cell. This increases the level of cAMP which leads to cytolysis of the cell.
The cholera toxin is released from a bacteria known as vibrio cholera. This bacteria is gram-negative and releases this toxin into the body which leads to manifestations like vomiting, increased heartbeat, watery diarrhea, cramps in the muscles and a low blood pressure. When this toxin is released into the body. The toxin activates adenylate cyclase and increases its level. This in turn increases the level of cAMP. This initiates a signaling cascade which effects the osmotic pressure of the cell. This leads to subsequent cytolysis of the cell.
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