The vertebrates that first invaded the land possessed a series of pre-adaptations, such as air-breathing and limb-based locomotion, that allowed them to move about effectively on land; however, other behaviors such as reproduction and swallowing likely tied these vertebrates to the water
When moving to land, animals faced several changes to adapt to the new environment, like lung and limbs development, tegumentary cover, and internal fertilization.
Any change to a new environment needs adaptations.
Aquatic animals had to face many changes in their morphology and physiology when changing to terrestrial habits. Some of them are,
The most significant change is probably lung development, needed to produce gas interchange between tissues and the air.
Once on the ground, animals need to interchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with air. They managed to do so through the respiration process in which the circulatory and respiratory systems work together.
Animals needed to develop a new thicker and harder tegumentary cover.
It needed to be more resistant, especially to avoid or reduce dehydration.
Also, the tegument provides protection when facing new environmental pressures -predation among them-.
Another significant change was limb development, which was obviously needed to move on the ground.
Locomotion on the ground required a new pattern of bone arrangement and many muscle changes.
The muscular system suffered many modifications because animals needed to move facing gravity pressure.
Animals needed to face another change related to their reproductive system.
They could no longer make use of external fertilization, as they used to do in aquatic environments.
They developed reproductive organs needed to insert sperm cells into the female body and fertilize the egg cells inside the females.
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