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Synaptic strength changes according to the number of stimuli received during a learning process: synapses have the ability to weaken or strengthen over time. This phenomenon is called synaptic or functional plasticity and is a natural process that enables organisms to respond appropriately to changes in the environment.

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Governments have long used the power to tax and spend to favor certain constituencies with special benefits over and above what a system based on a formula or need would provide. In a democracy, elected officials generally have well-defined, geographic-specific electoral bases, so such benefits tend to be location-specific and highly visible, usually taking the form of infrastructure spending on such projects as courthouses, highways, airports, and government office buildings.

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