Work Shown:
[tex]\sin^2(\theta) + \cos^2(\theta) = 1\\\\\sin^2(\theta) + \left(\cos(\theta)\right)^2 = 1\\\\\sin^2(\theta) + \left(\frac{10}{17}\right)^2 = 1[/tex]
As the name implies, the pythagorean identity uses the pythagorean theorem for right triangles. The 1 on the right hand side is the length of the hypotenuse, which is the radius of the unit circle.