Question

4. A ________________________________ is similar to a gas, but conducts electricity.

5. Boyle’s Law shows a relationship between the _________________________ and volume of a gas.


6. Charles’ Law shows a relationship between the __________________________ and volume of a gas.


7. When putting a balloon in a warm oven, the temperature goes from 70oto 140o. Will the 200 ml balloon shrink or expand?

Answer 1

Explanation:

Matter

The term "matter" is defined as everything within the observable universe that has both mass and occupies space. All physical objects are comprised of matter which in turn is made up of atoms of distinct elements. The states of matter refer to the observable physical properties of the different forms of matter depending on the arrangement, movement, and energy of the atoms in a particular substance. There are four main states of matter, namely solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, however, other states of matter do occur under exceptional conditions such as the Bose-Einstein condensate, fermionic condensate, and Rydberg molecules.

A solid has a definite shape and volume as the molecules that compose solids are packed closely together and vibrate about their fixed positions. In addition to the vibrational motion similar to particles in a solid, particles in both liquids and gases exhibit random motion, known as Brownian motion. Nevertheless, gaseous particles possess higher kinetic energy and a much larger intermolecular space in comparison to liquid particles. These properties, thus, define the physical state of liquids and gases, where liquids have a definite volume yet conforms to the shape of the container. On the other hand, a gas has no definite shape or volume which spreads out when unconfined and expands to fill the container when it is confined. Lastly, plasma is often associated with partially or fully ionised gaseous particles. Plasma, like gases, have no definite shape or volume, yet the free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive.

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Law is a simple equation that describes the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume for gases. The ideal gas equation is simply expressed as

                                                    $PV \ = \ nRT$,

where $P$ is the pressure of a gas, $V$ is the volume of a gas, $n$ is the number of moles of the gas, $R$ is the gas constant and $T$ is the temperature of the gas in units of Kelvin.

These specific relationships that derive the ideal gas equation stem from Charles's Law, Boyle's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law and Avogadro's Law.

Charles's Law

Charles's Law states that the volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of a fixed amount of gas, only if the pressure is held constant,

                                                        $V \ \propto \ T$.

When comparing two different states of the same gas, we can use the relation

                                                     $\displaystyle\frac{V_{1}}{T_{1}} \ = \ \displaystyle\frac{V_{2}}{T_{2}}$,

where  $V_{1}$  and  $T_{1}$  represent the initial state of the gas and  $V_{2}$  and  $T_{2}$  are the final state of the gas.

Boyle's Law

Boyle's Law states that the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure of a fixed amount of gas, only if the absolute temperature is held constant,

                                                         $P \ \propto \ \displaystyle\frac{1}{V}$.

To compare the change of a gas from an initial state to a final state, we use the expression

                                                      $P_{1}\, V_{1} \ = \ P_{2}\, V_{2}$.

Gay-Lussac's Law

Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of a fixed amount of gas, only if the volume is held constant,

                                                            $P \ \propto \ T$.

When evaluating two different states of the same gas, we can use the equation

                                                       $\displaystyle\frac{P_{1}}{T_{1}} \ = \ \displaystyle\frac{P_{2}}{T_{2}}$.

Avogadro's Law

Avogadro's Law states that the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles (amount) of the gas, when both the pressure and absolute temperature is held constant,

                                                      $V \ \propto \ n$.

The mathematical expression of Avogadro's Law is

                                                     $\displaystyle\frac{V_{1}}{n_{1}} \ = \ \displaystyle\frac{V_{2}}{n_{2}}$,

when comparing the change of the initial and final state of the gas.

7.  We know from Charles's Law that the volume of the gas is directly

    proportional to the absolute temperature of the same gas. In other words,

    as the absolute temperature of the gas increases, the volume of the gas

    also increases.

    Considering that the temperature of the balloon with a volume of 200 ml

    increases from $70^{\circ} \, \text{C}$ to $140^{\circ} \, \text{C}$, substitute the known quantities into the

    equation and solve for the remaining unknown.

                            $\displaystyle\frac{200 \ \text{mL}}{(70 \ +\ 273) \ \text{K}} \ = \ \displaystyle\frac{V_{2}}{(140 \ + \ 273) \ \text{K}} \\ \\ \\ \-\hspace{1.95cm} V_{2} \ = \ \displaystyle\frac{(200 \ \text{mL})(413 \ \text{K})}{343 \ \text{K}} \\ \\ \\ \-\hspace{1.95cm} V_{2} \ = \ 240.8 \ \text{mL}$.

    Therefore, the balloon will expand from a volume of 200 mL to 240.8 mL

    when it is heated in a warm oven.