how to know which way to solve a quadratic equation

I usually choose a solution method that I believe will find the desired answer for me in the least number of simple steps. What constitutes a "simple" step depends on a number of things:

the given information and/or the given form of the equation
familiarity with all of the different solution processes
familiarity with arithmetic facts (multiplication tables, squares)
familiarity with quadratic forms: difference of squares, perfect square binomials, product of binomials, vertex form
availability of a graphing calculator
whether an approximation will serve the purpose.

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I often choose a graphing calculator as my first approach to solving a quadratic. It easily shows the roots, and can show the vertex. (Sometimes, scaling the graph is required, so I actually prefer to use a touch-screen for the purpose. It is easier to "pinch" than to type in possible graph limits by trial and error.) The answer is generally provided to 3 or 4 significant figures, which is usually enough to tell if the solution is rational or irrational.

The easiest way to describe an integer (or rational) solution to someone else (on Brainly, for example) is usually to show the factoring of the quadratic. Finding the roots with a graphing calculator significantly aids the factoring process. (It is much easier to "find" the solution if you know the solution before you start looking.)

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As we said at the beginning, the answer to your question is "practice." Many curricula try to offer opportunities to practice. I find most of these pretty annoying. What I suggest is that you find your own internal motivation to practice solving different kinds of quadratics in several different ways. That is, solve the same quadratic by ...

using the formula
completing the square
factoring
graphing (with a graphing calculator)
scaling and/or translation and/or transformation*

It might take you a couple of hours of work to learn the best way to solve an equation in under 5 minutes.

In this process, you will discover what you need to know to choose a method that works nicely for you. I believe you will find that total familiarity with arithmetic facts (sums, products, squares) and operations on all the different ways to represent numbers (integer, decimal, fraction, percent, scientific notation) will help you significantly.

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* Additional comment

Some "area" problems give you the difference of dimensions (length and width), and ask you to find the dimensions that give a specific area. This can be solved by (x)(x -d) = A. If you don't immediately recognize factors of A that differ by d, then you might have to resort to the quadratic formula to solve this.

Another approach is to let the variable represent the average dimension. Then the equation becomes (x -d/2)(x +d/2) = A, which is a "difference of squares" form that is much more easily solved. The solution for x is √(A +(d/2)²), and all you have to do is add and subtract d/2 from that solution to find the dimensions. This is an example of what I mean by transforming the problem.