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Answer:
Enzymes are specific to a substrate and have active sites that bind with the substrate to form a temporary complex. The enzymatic reaction releases a product, which can be a nutrient contained in the substrate. Sources of soil enzymes include living and dead microbes, plant roots and residues, and soil animals.
Explanation:
Soil is the place where all natural and anthropogenic activities necessary to the life of humans, animal, and plants occur. Forests, plants, grasses, crops grow on soil; superficial water basins and rivers are and flow on soil; animals spend their life and move on soil, between cycles of incorporation of food and release of droppings, these latter contributing to the normal recycling of soil and its nutrients. Soil is where humans have established their residence and built all structures necessary for their life. Soil is also the place where hazardous residues deriving from anthropic activities are very often released with dangerous and frequently irreversible effects on its safety and consequently human health. Often these human activities have produced desertification, deficit or even loss of biodiversity, alteration of the soil matrix, deficiency of organic matter and nutrients. It appears therefore evident as what happens on and within soil is of paramount importance for maintaining soil health and productivity and consequently for a balanced and integrated life on earth. An equilibrated, safe and productive soil exists when its biological, biochemical, physical and chemical properties, all correlated to each other, contribute to sustain all activities occurring in it. Among these properties the activities of soil enzymes play a fundamental role because they mediate numerous chemical reactions involved in soil nutrient cycling; transformation of plant and microbes’ debris; mineralisation and transformation of organic matter within the carbon cycle, transformation and degradation of potentially hazardous pollutants, thus contributing to the restoration and remediation of polluted soils. Therefore, soil enzymes are involved and assist all activities fundamental to agricultural sciences and as such they may be used as useful and suitable indicators of microbial nutrient demand and soil health and quality. This research has been conducted by Infinita Biotech.
Soil enzymes increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients. The substance acted upon by a soil enzyme is called the substrate. For example, glucosidase (soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside (substrate), a compound common in plants. Enzymes are specific to a substrate and have active sites that bind with the substrate to form a temporary complex. The enzymatic reaction releases a product, which can be a nutrient contained in the substrate.
Sources of soil enzymes include living and dead microbes, plant roots and residues, and soil animals. Enzymes stabilised in the soil matrix accumulate or form complexes with organic matter (humus), clay, and humus-clay complexes, but are no longer associated with viable cells. It is thought that 40 to 60% of enzyme activity can come from stabilised enzymes, so activity does not necessarily correlate highly with microbial biomass or respiration.
Therefore, enzyme activity is the cumulative effect of long term microbial activity and activity of the viable population at sampling. However, an example of an enzyme that only reflects activity of viable cells is dehydrogenase, which in theory can only occur in viable cells and not in stabilised soil complexes.
There are 2 types of enzymes:
Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Enzymes respond to soil management changes long before other soil quality indicator changes are detectable. Soil enzymes play an important role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Some enzymes only facilitate the breakdown of organic matter (e.g. hydrolase, glucosidase), while others are involved in nutrient mineralisation (e.g. amidase, urease, phosphatase, sulphates). With the exception of phosphatase activity, there is no strong evidence that directly relates enzyme activity to nutrient availability or crop production. The relationship may be indirect considering nutrient mineralization to plant available forms is accomplished with the contribution of enzyme activity.
Beta glucosidase, FDA hydrolysis, Amidase and Urease are the enzymes present in the soil.
Beta glucosidase is carbon containing compounds , FDA hydrolysis is an organic matter , Amidase has carbon and nitrogen compounds and Urease has nitrogen element as their structural component.
Soil enzymes play an important role in decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling in the soil. Some enzymes causes the breakdown of organic matter such as hydrolase, glucosidase, while on the other hand, amidase, urease, phosphatase, sulfates are the enzymes responsible for the nutrient mineralization.
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