Comparison refers to a literary device that is used by a writer to compare or contrast a particular thing from something else.
Your question is not complete as you did not provide the text. Therefore, an overview of "comparison" will be given. Comparison refers to the act of finding out the similarities and differences between two or more people or things.
In this case, the author focuses on two things and shows how such things are related. It is used to discuss the elements that are similar. Therefore, in order to get the comparisons that the author is making in paragraph 4, you've to read the text carefully and understand it, then analyze the similarities or differences that the author is trying to point out.
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